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evolution factors

  • 1 факторы отбора

    Русско-английский словарь по деревообрабатывающей промышленности > факторы отбора

  • 2 факторы отбора развития

    Русско-английский словарь по деревообрабатывающей промышленности > факторы отбора развития

  • 3 фактор отбора

    1) Biology: selective factor
    2) Makarov: evolution factors (развития), selection force

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > фактор отбора

  • 4 факторы отбора

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > факторы отбора

  • 5 факторы развития

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > факторы развития

  • 6 evolución

    f.
    1 evolution, progress, advance.
    2 development.
    * * *
    1 (cambio) evolution; (desarrollo) development
    2 (vuelta) turn
    3 MILITAR manoeuvre (US maneuver)
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (Bio) evolution
    2) (=desarrollo) evolution, development
    3) (Med) progress
    4) (Mil) manoeuvre, maneuver (EEUU)
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Biol) evolution
    b) (de ideas, sociedad) development, evolution; ( de enfermedad) development; ( de enfermo) progress
    2) (de avión, pájaro) circle; (de gimnasta, patinador) evolution (frml)
    * * *
    = development, evolution.
    Ex. Enumerative schemes can be difficult to revise to take account of new developments.
    Ex. A number of ancillary factors about the development of knowledge can be examined such as the extent of self-citation and the evolution of concepts.
    ----
    * estudiar la evolución histórica de Algo = historicise [historicize, -USA].
    * evolución de los datos = data trend.
    * evolución histórica = historical evolution.
    * evolución temporal = temporal development, timeline [time line].
    * línea indicativa de la evolución de una gráfica = trend line [trend-line].
    * presentar la evolución de Algo = chart + the history.
    * que está en constante evolución = ever-evolving.
    * teoría de la evolución, la = theory of evolution, the.
    * trazar la evolución de = trace + the development of, trace + the evolution of.
    * trazar la evolución de Algo = chart + progress, chart + the history.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Biol) evolution
    b) (de ideas, sociedad) development, evolution; ( de enfermedad) development; ( de enfermo) progress
    2) (de avión, pájaro) circle; (de gimnasta, patinador) evolution (frml)
    * * *
    = development, evolution.

    Ex: Enumerative schemes can be difficult to revise to take account of new developments.

    Ex: A number of ancillary factors about the development of knowledge can be examined such as the extent of self-citation and the evolution of concepts.
    * estudiar la evolución histórica de Algo = historicise [historicize, -USA].
    * evolución de los datos = data trend.
    * evolución histórica = historical evolution.
    * evolución temporal = temporal development, timeline [time line].
    * línea indicativa de la evolución de una gráfica = trend line [trend-line].
    * presentar la evolución de Algo = chart + the history.
    * que está en constante evolución = ever-evolving.
    * teoría de la evolución, la = theory of evolution, the.
    * trazar la evolución de = trace + the development of, trace + the evolution of.
    * trazar la evolución de Algo = chart + progress, chart + the history.

    * * *
    A
    1 ( Biol) evolution
    2 (de las ideas, la sociedad) development, evolution; (de una enfermedad) development; (de un enfermo) progress
    la evolución de la situación energética nacional the changes in o evolution of the country's energy situation
    B (de un avión, pájaro) circle; (de un gimnasta) movement, evolution; ( frml) (de un patinador) figure, evolution ( frml)
    * * *

     

    evolución sustantivo femenino
    a) (Biol) evolution

    b) (de ideas, sociedad, enfermedad) development;

    ( de enfermo) progress
    evolución sustantivo femenino
    1 Biol evolution
    2 (de los acontecimientos, de un negocio) development
    ' evolución' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    doblete
    - escalón
    - progreso
    English:
    develop
    - evolution
    - progress
    - progression
    * * *
    1. [progreso] [de sociedad, situación, negociaciones] development, progress;
    [de enfermo] progress;
    me preocupa la evolución económica del país I'm concerned about the way the country's economy is going;
    la evolución tecnológica technological development o progress;
    una sociedad en plena evolución a rapidly developing society
    2. [cambio] change
    3. [de especies] evolution;
    la evolución de las especies marinas the evolution of marine life
    4. [movimiento]
    contemplaban las evoluciones del jugador en la banda they watched the player warming up on the sidelines;
    me gusta ver las evoluciones de los aviones en el aeropuerto I like watching planes taking off and landing at the airport
    5. Mil manoeuvre
    * * *
    f
    1 BIO evolution
    2 ( desarrollo) development
    * * *
    evolución nf, pl - ciones
    1) : evolution
    2) : development, progress
    * * *
    1. (en biología) evolution
    2. (desarrollo) development

    Spanish-English dictionary > evolución

  • 7 desarrollo

    m.
    1 development (mejora).
    desarrollo del producto product development
    desarrollo sostenible sustainable development
    2 growth (crecimiento).
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: desarrollar.
    * * *
    1 (gen) development
    2 MATEMÁTICAS expansion
    3 DEPORTE run, course
    \
    país en vías de desarrollo developing country
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) [de economía, industria, mercado] development
    2) [de teoría, tema, punto] development
    3) (=realización) [de proyecto, plan] carrying out; [de técnica, método] development
    4) [de capacidad, memoria, músculos] development
    5) (Mat) [de ecuación, función] expansion; [de problema] working
    6) [de persona, animal, planta] development

    está en la edad del desarrollo — she's reaching puberty, she's beginning to develop

    7) [de historia, acontecimiento] development

    el desarrollo de la trama — the unfolding o development of the plot

    8) [de bicicleta] gear ratio
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Econ) development
    b) (de facultad, capacidad) development
    c) (de niño, de planta) growth, development
    d) ( de adolescente) development
    2) (de teoría, tema, estrategia) development
    3) (de acto, acontecimiento)

    durante el desarrollo del acto — during o in the course of proceedings

    * * *
    = advance, amplification, building, development, evolution, blooming.
    Ex. I think that the most important advance that we can look forward to is a great increase in the amount of authority data in MARC form.
    Ex. Even with such a limitation and many later supplementations by various hands, by way of addition, correction and amplification, it falls far short of completeness.
    Ex. Building a search profile has much in common with building a document profile during indexing.
    Ex. Enumerative schemes can be difficult to revise to take account of new developments.
    Ex. A number of ancillary factors about the development of knowledge can be examined such as the extent of self-citation and the evolution of concepts.
    Ex. The article 'The blooming of readers' presents a body of research that supports the notion that children can acquire reading skills without being directly taught to read.
    ----
    * área en desarrollo = growth area.
    * autodesarrollo = self-actualisation [self-actualization, -USA].
    * ayuda al desarrollo = development aid.
    * biología del desarrollo = developmental biology.
    * de desarrollo = developmental.
    * de desarrollo rápido = fast-evolving.
    * desarrollo académico = academic development.
    * desarrollo atrofiado = arrested development.
    * desarrollo cronológico = chronology.
    * desarrollo de aplicaciones = software development, application development.
    * desarrollo de capacidades = capacity building.
    * desarrollo de la colección = collection building, collection development [collections development].
    * desarrollo de la identidad nacional = nation building.
    * desarrollo del plan de estudios = curriculum development.
    * desarrollo del potencial = capacity building.
    * desarrollo de material educativo = instructional development.
    * desarrollo de nuevos productos = product development.
    * desarrollo de programas = software development.
    * desarrollo de prototipos = prototyping.
    * desarrollo económico = economic development.
    * desarrollo empresarial = business development.
    * desarrollo estratégico = strategic development.
    * desarrollo industrial = industrial development.
    * desarrollo infantil = child development.
    * desarrollo mental = mental development.
    * desarrollo nacional = national development.
    * desarrollo personal = self-actualisation [self-actualization, -USA].
    * desarrollo prenatal = prenatal development.
    * desarrollo profesional = professional development, career development.
    * desarrollo profesional del personal = staff development.
    * desarrollo social = social development.
    * desarrollo sostenible = sustainable development.
    * desarrollo sostenido = sustainable development.
    * desarrollo tardío = late start.
    * desarrollo temporal = temporal development, timeline [time line].
    * desarrollo urbanístico = urban growth.
    * describir el desarrollo de = trace + the development of, trace + the evolution of.
    * economía en vías de desarrollo = transitional economy, developing economy.
    * empresa dedicada al desarrollo de productos = product developer.
    * en desarrollo = evolving, under development.
    * en período de desarrollo = in ascendancy.
    * en pleno desarrollo = in full swing, in full gear.
    * en vías de desarrollo = in course of development, emergent, developing.
    * especialista en el desarrollo = developmentalist.
    * estimular el desarrollo de = stimulate + the development of.
    * etapa de desarrollo = stage of development.
    * Fondo para el Desarrollo Europeo = European Development Fund.
    * Fondo para el Desarrollo Regional Europeo = European Regional Development Fund.
    * herramienta de desarrollo = development tool.
    * herramientas de desarrollo = toolkit.
    * instituto de desarrollo = development institute.
    * instituto para el desarrollo = development institute.
    * instituto para la investigación y el desarrollo = research and development institute.
    * investigación y desarrollo (I+D) = research and development (R&D).
    * nivel de desarrollo = stage of development, developmental level, development level, level of development.
    * Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo = Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).
    * PADIS (Sistema de Información para el Desarrollo de Africa) = PADIS (Pan-African Development Information System).
    * país en vías de desarrollo = developing country, transitional nation, transitional economy, developing nation, emerging economy, developing economy, country with developing economy.
    * países en vías de desarrollo, los = developing world, the.
    * política de desarrollo de la colección = collection development policy.
    * posibilidad de desarrollo = potential for development.
    * retrasar el desarrollo de Algo = push back + development.
    * ritmo de desarrollo = pace of development.
    * sicología del desarrollo = developmental psychology.
    * teoría del desarrollo humano = developmental theory.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Econ) development
    b) (de facultad, capacidad) development
    c) (de niño, de planta) growth, development
    d) ( de adolescente) development
    2) (de teoría, tema, estrategia) development
    3) (de acto, acontecimiento)

    durante el desarrollo del acto — during o in the course of proceedings

    * * *
    = advance, amplification, building, development, evolution, blooming.

    Ex: I think that the most important advance that we can look forward to is a great increase in the amount of authority data in MARC form.

    Ex: Even with such a limitation and many later supplementations by various hands, by way of addition, correction and amplification, it falls far short of completeness.
    Ex: Building a search profile has much in common with building a document profile during indexing.
    Ex: Enumerative schemes can be difficult to revise to take account of new developments.
    Ex: A number of ancillary factors about the development of knowledge can be examined such as the extent of self-citation and the evolution of concepts.
    Ex: The article 'The blooming of readers' presents a body of research that supports the notion that children can acquire reading skills without being directly taught to read.
    * área en desarrollo = growth area.
    * autodesarrollo = self-actualisation [self-actualization, -USA].
    * ayuda al desarrollo = development aid.
    * biología del desarrollo = developmental biology.
    * de desarrollo = developmental.
    * de desarrollo rápido = fast-evolving.
    * desarrollo académico = academic development.
    * desarrollo atrofiado = arrested development.
    * desarrollo cronológico = chronology.
    * desarrollo de aplicaciones = software development, application development.
    * desarrollo de capacidades = capacity building.
    * desarrollo de la colección = collection building, collection development [collections development].
    * desarrollo de la identidad nacional = nation building.
    * desarrollo del plan de estudios = curriculum development.
    * desarrollo del potencial = capacity building.
    * desarrollo de material educativo = instructional development.
    * desarrollo de nuevos productos = product development.
    * desarrollo de programas = software development.
    * desarrollo de prototipos = prototyping.
    * desarrollo económico = economic development.
    * desarrollo empresarial = business development.
    * desarrollo estratégico = strategic development.
    * desarrollo industrial = industrial development.
    * desarrollo infantil = child development.
    * desarrollo mental = mental development.
    * desarrollo nacional = national development.
    * desarrollo personal = self-actualisation [self-actualization, -USA].
    * desarrollo prenatal = prenatal development.
    * desarrollo profesional = professional development, career development.
    * desarrollo profesional del personal = staff development.
    * desarrollo social = social development.
    * desarrollo sostenible = sustainable development.
    * desarrollo sostenido = sustainable development.
    * desarrollo tardío = late start.
    * desarrollo temporal = temporal development, timeline [time line].
    * desarrollo urbanístico = urban growth.
    * describir el desarrollo de = trace + the development of, trace + the evolution of.
    * economía en vías de desarrollo = transitional economy, developing economy.
    * empresa dedicada al desarrollo de productos = product developer.
    * en desarrollo = evolving, under development.
    * en período de desarrollo = in ascendancy.
    * en pleno desarrollo = in full swing, in full gear.
    * en vías de desarrollo = in course of development, emergent, developing.
    * especialista en el desarrollo = developmentalist.
    * estimular el desarrollo de = stimulate + the development of.
    * etapa de desarrollo = stage of development.
    * Fondo para el Desarrollo Europeo = European Development Fund.
    * Fondo para el Desarrollo Regional Europeo = European Regional Development Fund.
    * herramienta de desarrollo = development tool.
    * herramientas de desarrollo = toolkit.
    * instituto de desarrollo = development institute.
    * instituto para el desarrollo = development institute.
    * instituto para la investigación y el desarrollo = research and development institute.
    * investigación y desarrollo (I+D) = research and development (R&D).
    * nivel de desarrollo = stage of development, developmental level, development level, level of development.
    * Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo = Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).
    * PADIS (Sistema de Información para el Desarrollo de Africa) = PADIS (Pan-African Development Information System).
    * país en vías de desarrollo = developing country, transitional nation, transitional economy, developing nation, emerging economy, developing economy, country with developing economy.
    * países en vías de desarrollo, los = developing world, the.
    * política de desarrollo de la colección = collection development policy.
    * posibilidad de desarrollo = potential for development.
    * retrasar el desarrollo de Algo = push back + development.
    * ritmo de desarrollo = pace of development.
    * sicología del desarrollo = developmental psychology.
    * teoría del desarrollo humano = developmental theory.

    * * *
    A
    1 ( Econ) development
    países en vías de desarrollo developing countries
    2 (de una facultad, capacidad) development
    3 (de un niño, de una planta) growth, development
    4 (de un adolescente) development
    la edad del desarrollo puberty, the age of puberty
    Compuesto:
    desarrollo sostenible or perdurable
    ( Agr, Ecol) sustainable development
    B
    1 (de una teoría, un tema) development
    2 ( Mat) development
    3 (de una estrategia) development
    el desarrollo de nuevas técnicas en este campo the development o evolution of new techniques in this field
    C
    (de un acto, acontecimiento): contemplaron el desarrollo del desfile they watched the parade pass by
    intentaron impedir el normal desarrollo del acto they tried to disrupt the proceedings
    para ver el desarrollo de los acontecimientos to see how things develop o turn out
    D (en ciclismo) ≈ gear ratio
    E ( Chi) ( Fot) developing
    * * *

     

    Del verbo desarrollar: ( conjugate desarrollar)

    desarrollo es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    desarrolló es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    desarrollar    
    desarrollo
    desarrollar ( conjugate desarrollar) verbo transitivo
    1 ( en general) to develop
    2
    a) ( exponer) ‹teoría/tema› to explain

    b) ( llevar a cabo) ‹actividad/labor› to carry out

    desarrollarse verbo pronominal
    1 ( en general) to develop
    2 [acto/entrevista/escena] to take place
    desarrollo sustantivo masculino
    development;

    según el desarrollo de los acontecimientos according to how things develop
    desarrollar verbo transitivo
    1 to develop: ha desarrollado su musculatura desde que hace deporte, he has become more muscular since he started doing sport
    (un proyecto, teoría) han desarrollado un nuevo modelo de ordenador portátil, they've developed a new type of portable computer
    2 (exponer con mayor detalle) to explain
    desarrollo sustantivo masculino
    1 (crecimiento, progreso) development
    el desarrollo industrial de la comarca, the industrial development of the area
    su bebé tiene un desarrollo satisfactorio, her baby is coming along fine
    2 (exposición detallada) development
    (solución por pasos de un problema) working out
    3 (transcurso) course: una persona se desmayó durante el desarrollo del acto, someone fainted during the ceremony

    ' desarrollo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    desarrollarse
    - despegue
    - extensa
    - extenso
    - planteamiento
    - retrasada
    - retrasado
    - retraso
    - curso
    - emotivo
    - frenar
    - ir
    - marcha
    - potenciar
    - precoz
    - progreso
    - propulsar
    - rápido
    - retroceso
    - vía
    English:
    allocate
    - appropriate
    - arrest
    - boomtown
    - cramp
    - developing
    - development
    - evolution
    - growth
    - progress
    - research
    - disrupt
    - grown
    - swing
    * * *
    1. [mejora] development;
    el desarrollo económico economic development;
    países en vías de desarrollo developing countries;
    el pleno desarrollo de las capacidades intelectuales the full development of intellectual abilities
    desarrollo sostenible sustainable development
    2. [crecimiento] growth;
    el desarrollo del ser humano human development;
    la edad del desarrollo (the age of) puberty
    3. [exposición] [de tema, teoría, idea] explanation
    4. [transcurso] [de negociaciones, conferencia] course;
    no hubo incidentes en el desarrollo de la manifestación there were no incidents in the course of the demonstration
    5. [realización] [de actividad, trabajo, proyecto] carrying out
    6. [creación] [de prototipos, técnicas, estrategias] development;
    investigaciones encaminadas al desarrollo de una vacuna contra el sida research aimed at developing a vaccine against AIDS
    7. [en bicicleta] gear ratio;
    mover un gran desarrollo to turn a big gear
    8. Mat [de término] expansion;
    [de ecuación, problema] solving, working out
    * * *
    m development
    * * *
    : development
    * * *
    desarrollo n development

    Spanish-English dictionary > desarrollo

  • 8 Language

       Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)
       It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)
       It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)
       Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)
       It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)
       [A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]
       Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling it
       Solving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into another
       LANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)
       We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)
       We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.
       The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)
       9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own Language
       The forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)
       It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)
       In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)
       In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)
       [It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)
       he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.
       The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)
       The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.
       But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)
       The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)
        t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)
       A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)
       Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)
       It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)
       First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....
       Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)
       If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)
        23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human Interaction
       Language cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)
       By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)
       Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language

  • 9 anexo

    adj.
    annexed, incorporated, ancillary, joined.
    m.
    1 annex, rider, add-on, annexe.
    2 extension, addition, wing.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: anexar.
    * * *
    1 adjoining, attached (a, to)
    1 annexe (US annex)
    ————————
    1 annexe (US annex)
    * * *
    1. noun m. 2. (f. - anexa)
    adj.
    attached, enclosed
    * * *
    1.
    ADJ (=anejo) attached; [en carta] enclosed

    llevar o algo anexo, tener algo anexo — to have sth attached

    anexo a la presente... — Méx please find enclosed...

    2.
    SM (Arquit) annexe; (Rel) dependency; [de carta] enclosure
    * * *
    I
    - xa adjetivo
    a) <edificio/local> joined, annexed
    b) < cláusula> added, appended (frml); < documento> ( en informe) attached; ( en carta) enclosed
    II
    a) ( edificio) annex*
    b) ( documento - en informe) appendix; (- en carta) enclosure

    anexos — enc., enclosures

    c) (Chi) ( del teléfono) extension
    * * *
    = accompanying, annex, extension, annexure, outhouse, ancillary.
    Ex. A summary differs from an abstract in that it assumes that the reader will have the opportunity to peruse the accompanying text.
    Ex. The matter complementary to the main text, placed at the end of a document and containing notes, statistical tables or other information is known as annex or appendix.
    Ex. Enter a separately published protocol, amendment, extension, or other agreement ancillary to a treaty, etc., under the heading for the basic agreement.
    Ex. An annexure reviews electronic journals available free of cost.
    Ex. The author identifies the various types of material which might be relegated to outhouse facilities.
    Ex. A number of ancillary factors about the development of knowledge can be examined such as the extent of self-citation and the evolution of concepts.
    ----
    * almacenar en un edificio anexo = outhouse.
    * cobertizo anexo = outhouse.
    * dependencia anexa = outhouse.
    * edificio anexo = outbuilding.
    * * *
    I
    - xa adjetivo
    a) <edificio/local> joined, annexed
    b) < cláusula> added, appended (frml); < documento> ( en informe) attached; ( en carta) enclosed
    II
    a) ( edificio) annex*
    b) ( documento - en informe) appendix; (- en carta) enclosure

    anexos — enc., enclosures

    c) (Chi) ( del teléfono) extension
    * * *
    = accompanying, annex, extension, annexure, outhouse, ancillary.

    Ex: A summary differs from an abstract in that it assumes that the reader will have the opportunity to peruse the accompanying text.

    Ex: The matter complementary to the main text, placed at the end of a document and containing notes, statistical tables or other information is known as annex or appendix.
    Ex: Enter a separately published protocol, amendment, extension, or other agreement ancillary to a treaty, etc., under the heading for the basic agreement.
    Ex: An annexure reviews electronic journals available free of cost.
    Ex: The author identifies the various types of material which might be relegated to outhouse facilities.
    Ex: A number of ancillary factors about the development of knowledge can be examined such as the extent of self-citation and the evolution of concepts.
    * almacenar en un edificio anexo = outhouse.
    * cobertizo anexo = outhouse.
    * dependencia anexa = outhouse.
    * edificio anexo = outbuilding.

    * * *
    anexo1 -xa
    1 ‹edificio/local› joined, annexed
    2 ‹cláusula› added, appended ( frml) ‹documento› (en un informe) attached; (en una carta) enclosed
    1 (edificio) annex*
    2 (documento — en un informe) appendix, attached document ( o certificate etc); (— en una carta) enclosure, enclosed document ( o certificate etc)
    [ S ] anexos enc., enclosures
    3 (Chi, Per) (del teléfono) extension
    * * *

     

    Del verbo anexar: ( conjugate anexar)

    anexo es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    anexó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    anexar    
    anexo
    anexo 1
    ◊ -xa adjetivo

    a) ‹edificio/local› joined, annexed

    b) ‹ cláusula› added, appended (frml);

    ‹ documento› ( en informe) attached;
    ( en carta) enclosed
    anexo 2 sustantivo masculino
    a) ( edificio) annex( conjugate annex)


    (— en carta) enclosure

    anexo,-a
    I adjetivo attached, joined [a, to]: ver documento anexo, see attached document
    II sustantivo masculino annexe: la consulta de pediatría está en el anexo del hospital, the pediatric office is in the hospital annexe
    ' anexo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    anexa
    English:
    annexe
    - attachment
    - extension
    - rider
    - annex
    - enc
    * * *
    anexo, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [edificio] connected (a to)
    2. [documento] attached (a to);
    las cifras figuran en la lista anexa the figures may be found on the attached list
    ♦ nm
    1. [edificio] annexe;
    se vende casa de campo con todos sus anexos farmhouse for sale with all its outhouses
    2. [libro] appendix
    3. Anat
    anexos adnexa
    * * *
    I adj attached
    II m edificio annex, Br
    annexe
    * * *
    anexo, -xa adj
    : attached, joined, annexed
    anexo nm
    1) : annex
    2) : supplement (to a book), appendix

    Spanish-English dictionary > anexo

  • 10 autocita

    Nota: Acción que un autor realiza de citar sus trabajos anteriores en sus nuevos trabajos.
    Ex. A number of ancillary factors about the development of knowledge can be examined such as the extent of self-citation and the evolution of concepts.
    * * *
    Nota: Acción que un autor realiza de citar sus trabajos anteriores en sus nuevos trabajos.

    Ex: A number of ancillary factors about the development of knowledge can be examined such as the extent of self-citation and the evolution of concepts.

    Spanish-English dictionary > autocita

  • 11 secundario

    adj.
    1 secondary, ancillary, knock-on.
    2 secondary, low-voltage.
    * * *
    1 secondary
    1 GEOLOGÍA secondary
    ————————
    1 GEOLOGÍA secondary
    * * *
    (f. - secundaria)
    adj.
    * * *
    secundario, -a
    1.
    ADJ (=no principal) [gen] secondary; [carretera, efectos] side antes de s ; (Inform) background antes de s
    educación 1)
    2.
    * * *
    - ria adjetivo <factor/problema> secondary
    * * *
    = ancillary, marginal, minor, peripheral, secondary, side, subsidiary, tangential, accessory, fringe, fringe subject, derivative.
    Ex. A number of ancillary factors about the development of knowledge can be examined such as the extent of self-citation and the evolution of concepts.
    Ex. The title 'Unsolicited marginal gift collections: saying no or coping with the unwanted' deals with the problem of how to cope with collections which should have been declined, but were not.
    Ex. A study of bibliographic classification could concentrate solely upon the major, and some of the more minor bibliographic classification schemes used today.
    Ex. The example below demonstrates how to reject those documents that are likely to be of only peripheral interest.
    Ex. In general title entries are regarded as secondary to author entries.
    Ex. The course had concentrated on executive decision making, with a side excursion into the study and findings of Henry Mintzberg as reported in his book, 'The Nature of Managerial Work'.
    Ex. Added entries are only made under important subsidiary headings and not under every possible alternative heading.
    Ex. My second point may be a slightly tangential, but I hope it is a concrete reaction to the general tenor of Mr. Lubetzky's remarks and the general subject posed.
    Ex. The Publications Office may fairly be said to present itself to the outside-world as a distributor by way of sale, since its overt involvement in free distribution is essentially accessory to that.
    Ex. Libraries must also attempt to draw in the public by promoting fringe activities such as art exhibitions, concerts, talks by writers, craft demonstrations and films.
    Ex. In a general classification there are, of course, no fringe subjects: all are of equal weight, and must be given their due place in the overall order.
    Ex. The author gives an overview of derivative information sources.
    ----
    * actividad secundaria = sidelight activity.
    * actor secundario = secondary role.
    * almacenamiento secundario = secondary storage.
    * añadir como algo secundario = tack on.
    * asiento secundario = secondary entry.
    * asiento secundario por autor y título = author-title added entry, name-title added entry.
    * asiento secundario por título = title added entry.
    * atención secundaria = secondary care.
    * autor secundario = secondary author.
    * bibliografía secundaria = secondary literature.
    * carretera secundaria = minor road, back road.
    * color secundario = secondary colour.
    * concepto secundario = secondary concept, subsidiary concept.
    * descriptor secundario = minor descriptor.
    * desempeñar un papel secundario = play + second fiddle.
    * documento secundario = secondary document, secondary publication.
    * educación secundaria = secondary education.
    * efecto secundario = side effect [side-effect], spillover effect, after effect [after-effect].
    * efectos secundarios = knock-on effect.
    * encabezamiento secundario = added entry heading.
    * enseñanza secundaria = secondary education.
    * escuela de primer ciclo de secundaria = intermediate school.
    * escuela secundaria = junior school, middle school, upper school.
    * estudiante que ha completado los estudios secundarios = high school graduate.
    * fuente secundaria = secondary source.
    * hallazgo secundario = incidental finding.
    * idea secundaria = side issue.
    * incluir como registro de encabezamiento secundario = trace.
    * información secundaria = secondary information.
    * papel secundario = secondary role.
    * perderse por los caminos secundarios = go + off-road.
    * personaje secundario = secondary character.
    * producto secundario = by-product [byproduct].
    * puntos secundarios = secondary points.
    * registro de encabezamiento secundario de materia = subject tracing.
    * registro de encabezamientos secundarios = tracing.
    * responsabilidad secundaria = secondary responsibility.
    * servicios de documentos secundarios = secondary services.
    * tema de secundaria importancia = footnote.
    * término secundario = qualifying term.
    * tomar un papel secundario = take + a back seat.
    * * *
    - ria adjetivo <factor/problema> secondary
    * * *
    = ancillary, marginal, minor, peripheral, secondary, side, subsidiary, tangential, accessory, fringe, fringe subject, derivative.

    Ex: A number of ancillary factors about the development of knowledge can be examined such as the extent of self-citation and the evolution of concepts.

    Ex: The title 'Unsolicited marginal gift collections: saying no or coping with the unwanted' deals with the problem of how to cope with collections which should have been declined, but were not.
    Ex: A study of bibliographic classification could concentrate solely upon the major, and some of the more minor bibliographic classification schemes used today.
    Ex: The example below demonstrates how to reject those documents that are likely to be of only peripheral interest.
    Ex: In general title entries are regarded as secondary to author entries.
    Ex: The course had concentrated on executive decision making, with a side excursion into the study and findings of Henry Mintzberg as reported in his book, 'The Nature of Managerial Work'.
    Ex: Added entries are only made under important subsidiary headings and not under every possible alternative heading.
    Ex: My second point may be a slightly tangential, but I hope it is a concrete reaction to the general tenor of Mr. Lubetzky's remarks and the general subject posed.
    Ex: The Publications Office may fairly be said to present itself to the outside-world as a distributor by way of sale, since its overt involvement in free distribution is essentially accessory to that.
    Ex: Libraries must also attempt to draw in the public by promoting fringe activities such as art exhibitions, concerts, talks by writers, craft demonstrations and films.
    Ex: In a general classification there are, of course, no fringe subjects: all are of equal weight, and must be given their due place in the overall order.
    Ex: The author gives an overview of derivative information sources.
    * actividad secundaria = sidelight activity.
    * actor secundario = secondary role.
    * almacenamiento secundario = secondary storage.
    * añadir como algo secundario = tack on.
    * asiento secundario = secondary entry.
    * asiento secundario por autor y título = author-title added entry, name-title added entry.
    * asiento secundario por título = title added entry.
    * atención secundaria = secondary care.
    * autor secundario = secondary author.
    * bibliografía secundaria = secondary literature.
    * carretera secundaria = minor road, back road.
    * color secundario = secondary colour.
    * concepto secundario = secondary concept, subsidiary concept.
    * descriptor secundario = minor descriptor.
    * desempeñar un papel secundario = play + second fiddle.
    * documento secundario = secondary document, secondary publication.
    * educación secundaria = secondary education.
    * efecto secundario = side effect [side-effect], spillover effect, after effect [after-effect].
    * efectos secundarios = knock-on effect.
    * encabezamiento secundario = added entry heading.
    * enseñanza secundaria = secondary education.
    * escuela de primer ciclo de secundaria = intermediate school.
    * escuela secundaria = junior school, middle school, upper school.
    * estudiante que ha completado los estudios secundarios = high school graduate.
    * fuente secundaria = secondary source.
    * hallazgo secundario = incidental finding.
    * idea secundaria = side issue.
    * incluir como registro de encabezamiento secundario = trace.
    * información secundaria = secondary information.
    * papel secundario = secondary role.
    * perderse por los caminos secundarios = go + off-road.
    * personaje secundario = secondary character.
    * producto secundario = by-product [byproduct].
    * puntos secundarios = secondary points.
    * registro de encabezamiento secundario de materia = subject tracing.
    * registro de encabezamientos secundarios = tracing.
    * responsabilidad secundaria = secondary responsibility.
    * servicios de documentos secundarios = secondary services.
    * tema de secundaria importancia = footnote.
    * término secundario = qualifying term.
    * tomar un papel secundario = take + a back seat.

    * * *
    ‹factor/problema› secondary
    el premio a la mejor actriz secundaria the award for the best supporting actress
    * * *

    secundario
    ◊ - ria adjetivo ‹factor/problema› secondary;


    ‹actor/actriz› supporting ( before n)
    secundario,-a adjetivo secondary
    ' secundario' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    accesoria
    - accesorio
    - sector
    - secundaria
    - subtítulo
    - efecto
    - marginal
    - menor
    English:
    after-effect
    - incidental
    - minor
    - prep school
    - secondary
    - senior
    - side
    - subsidiary
    - upstage
    - after
    - high
    - junior
    - peripheral
    - preparatory
    - sophomore
    - supporting
    * * *
    secundario, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [en orden] secondary
    2. [de menor importancia] minor;
    actor secundario supporting actor
    3. Geol secondary
    ♦ nm
    Geol
    el Secundario the Secondary (era)
    * * *
    adj secondary
    * * *
    secundario, - ria adj
    : secondary
    * * *
    secundario adj secondary

    Spanish-English dictionary > secundario

  • 12 демографическая эволюция

    1. demographic evolution

     

    демографическая эволюция
    —
    [ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    EN

    demographic evolution
    The gradual pattern of change in the growth of human populations in a particular region or country, from a rapid increase in the birth and death rates to a leveling off in the growth rate due to reduced fertility and other factors. (Source: DOE / ANT)
    [http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    Тематики

    EN

    DE

    FR

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > демографическая эволюция

  • 13 БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

    Мы приняли следующие сокращения для наиболее часто упоминаемых книг и журналов:
    IJP - International Journal of Psycho-analysis
    JAPA - Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association
    SE - Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1953—74.)
    PSOC - Psychoanalytic Study of the Child (New Haven: Yale University Press)
    PQ - Psychoanalytic Quarterly
    WAF - The Writings of Anna Freud, ed. Anna Freud (New York: International Universities Press, 1966—74)
    PMC - Psychoanalysis The Major Concepts ed. Burness E. Moore and Bernard D. Fine (New Haven: Yale University Press)
    \
    О словаре: _about - Psychoanalytic Terms and Concepts
    \
    1. Abend, S. M. Identity. PMC. Forthcoming.
    2. Abend, S. M. (1974) Problems of identity. PQ, 43.
    3. Abend, S. M., Porder, M. S. & Willick, M. S. (1983) Borderline Patients. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    4. Abraham, K. (1916) The first pregenital stage of libido. Selected Papers. London, Hogarth Press, 1948.
    5. Abraham, K. (1917) Ejaculatio praecox. In: selected Papers. New York Basic Books.
    6. Abraham, K. (1921) Contributions to the theory of the anal character. Selected Papers. New York: Basic Books, 1953.
    7. Abraham, K. (1924) A Short study of the development of the libido, viewed in the light of mental disorders. In: Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1927.
    8. Abraham, K. (1924) Manic-depressive states and the pre-genital levels of the libido. In: Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1949.
    9. Abraham, K. (1924) Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1948.
    10. Abraham, K. (1924) The influence of oral erotism on character formation. Ibid.
    11. Abraham, K. (1925) The history of an impostor in the light of psychoanalytic knowledge. In: Clinical Papers and Essays on Psychoanalysis. New York: Basic Books, 1955, vol. 2.
    12. Abrams, S. (1971) The psychoanalytic unconsciousness. In: The Unconscious Today, ed. M. Kanzer. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    13. Abrams, S. (1981) Insight. PSOC, 36.
    14. Abse, D W. (1985) The depressive character In Depressive States and their Treatment, ed. V. Volkan New York: Jason Aronson.
    15. Abse, D. W. (1985) Hysteria and Related Mental Disorders. Bristol: John Wright.
    16. Ackner, B. (1954) Depersonalization. J. Ment. Sci., 100.
    17. Adler, A. (1924) Individual Psychology. New York: Harcourt, Brace.
    18. Akhtar, S. (1984) The syndrome of identity diffusion. Amer. J. Psychiat., 141.
    19. Alexander, F. (1950) Psychosomatic Medicine. New York: Norton.
    20. Allen, D. W. (1974) The Feat- of Looking. Charlottesvill, Va: Univ. Press of Virginia.
    21. Allen, D. W. (1980) Psychoanalytic treatment of the exhibitionist. In: Exhibitionist, Description, Assessment, and Treatment, ed. D. Cox. New York: Garland STPM Press.
    22. Allport, G. (1937) Personality. New York: Henry Holt.
    23. Almansi, R. J. (1960) The face-breast equation. JAPA, 6.
    24. Almansi, R. J. (1979) Scopophilia and object loss. PQ, 47.
    25. Altman, L. Z. (1969) The Dream in Psychoanalysis. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    26. Altman, L. Z. (1977) Some vicissitudes of love. JAPA, 25.
    27. American Psychiatric Association. (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3d ed. revised. Washington, D. C.
    28. Ansbacher, Z. & Ansbacher, R. (1956) The Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler. New York: Basic Books.
    29. Anthony, E. J. (1981) Shame, guilt, and the feminine self in psychoanalysis. In: Object and Self, ed. S. Tuttman, C. Kaye & M. Zimmerman. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    30. Arlow. J. A. (1953) Masturbation and symptom formation. JAPA, 1.
    31. Arlow. J. A. (1959) The structure of the deja vu experience. JAPA, 7.
    32. Arlow. J. A. (1961) Ego psychology and the study of mythology. JAPA, 9.
    33. Arlow. J. A. (1963) Conflict, regression and symptom formation. IJP, 44.
    34. Arlow. J. A. (1966) Depersonalization and derealization. In: Psychoanalysis: A General Psychology, ed. R. M. Loewenstein, L. M. Newman, M. Schur & A. J. Solnit. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    35. Arlow. J. A. (1969) Fantasy, memory and reality testing. PQ, 38.
    36. Arlow. J. A. (1969) Unconscious fantasy and disturbances of mental experience. PQ, 38.
    37. Arlow. J. A. (1970) The psychopathology of the psychoses. IJP, 51.
    38. Arlow. J. A. (1975) The structural hypothesis. PQ, 44.
    39. Arlow. J. A. (1977) Affects and the psychoanalytic situation. IJP, 58.
    40. Arlow. J. A. (1979) Metaphor and the psychoanalytic situation. PQ, 48.
    41. Arlow. J. A. (1979) The genesis of interpretation. JAPA, 27 (suppl.).
    42. Arlow. J. A. (1982) Problems of the superego concept. PSOC, 37.
    43. Arlow. J. A. (1984) Disturbances of the sense of time. PQ, 53.
    44. Arlow. J. A. (1985) Some technical problems of countertransference. PQ, 54.
    45. Arlow, J. A. & Brenner, C. (1963) Psychoanalytic Concepts and the Structural Theory, New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    46. Arlow, J. A. & Brenner, C. (1969) The psychopathology of the psychoses. IJP, 50.
    47. Asch, S. S. (1966) Depression. PSOC, 21.
    48. Asch, S. S. (1976) Varieties of negative therapeutic reactions and problems of technique. JAPA, 24.
    49. Atkins, N. (1970) The Oedipus myth. Adolescence, and the succession of generations. JAPA, 18.
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    815. Stevens, A. (1982) Archetype. London: Rouledge & Kegan Paul.
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    820. Stoller, R. J. (1976) Primary femininity. JAPA, 24 (5).
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    830. Stone, M. H. (1980) Borderline Syndromes. New York: McGrow Hill.
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    832. Strachey, J. (1962) The emergence of Freud's fundamental hypothesis. SE, 3.
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    834. Strachey, J. (1966) General preface. SE, 1.
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    843. Tyson, P. Development. PMC. Forthcoming.
    844. Tyson, P. (1982) A developmental line of gender identity, gender role, and choice of love object. JAPA, 30.
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    846. Tyson, P. & Tyson, R. L. The psychoanalitic theory of development. PMC. Forthcoming.
    847. Tyson, P. & Tyson, R. L. (1984) Narcissism and superego development. JAPA, 34.
    848. Tyson, R. & Sundler, J. (1971) Problems in the selection of patients for psychoanalysis. Brit. J. Med. Psychol., 44.
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    850. Volkan, V. D. (1981) Linking Objects and Linking Phenomena. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    851. Waelder, R. (1930) The principle of multiple function. PQ, 5.
    852. Waelder, R. (1962) Book review of Psychoanalysis, Scientific Method and Philosophy, ed. S. Hook. JAPA, 10.
    853. Waelder, R. (1962) Psychoanalysis scientific method, and philosophy. JAPA, 10.
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    855. Waelder, R. (1967) Trauma and the variety of extraordinary challenges. In: Fuest (1967).
    856. Waelder, R. (1967) Inhibitions, symptoms and anxiety: forty years later. PQ, 36.
    857. Waldhorn, H. F. (1960) Assessment of analyzability. PQ, 29.
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    863. Wallerstein, R. (1983) Defenses, defense mechanisms and the structure of the mind. JAPA, 31 (suppl.).
    864. Wallerstein, R. (1988) One psychoanalysis or many? IJP, 69.
    865. Wangh, M. (1979) Some psychoanalytic observations on boredom. IJP, 60.
    866. Weinshel, E. M. (1968) Some psychoanalytic considerations on moods. IJP, 51.
    867. Weinshel, E. M. (1971) The ego in health and normality. JAPA, 18.
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    869. Weinstock, H. J. (1962) Successful treatment of ulcerative colitis by psychoanalysis. Brit. J. Psychoanal. Res., 6.
    870. Welmore, R. J. (1963) The role of grief in psychoanalysis. IJP. 44.
    871. Werner, H. & Kaplan, B. (1984) Symbol Formation. Hillsdale N. J.: Lawrence Eribaum.
    872. White. R. W. (1963) Ego and Reality in Psychoanalytic Theory. Psychol. Issues, 3.
    873. Whitman, R. M. (1963) Remembering and forgetting dreams in psychoanalysis. JAPA, 11.
    874. Wiedeman, G. Sexuality. PMC. Forthcoming.
    875. Wiedeman, G. (1962) Survey of psychoanalytic literature on overt male homosexuality. JAPA, 10.
    876. Wieder, H. (1966) Intellectuality. PSOC, 21.
    877. Wieder, H. (1978) The psychoanalytic treatment of preadolescents In Child Analysis and Therapy, ed. J. Glenn. New York Aronson.
    878. Willick, M. S. Defense. PMC. Forthcoming.
    879. Wilson, C. P. (1967) Stone as a symbol of teeth. PQ, 36.
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    881. Wilson, C. P. S Mintz, I. (1982) Abstaining and bulimic anorexics. Primary Care, 9.
    882. Wilson, E. O. (1978) On Human Nature. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press.
    883. Winnicott, C. (1978) D. W. W.: a reflection. In: Between Reality and Fantasy. New York: Jason Aronson.
    884. Winnicott, D. W. (1953) Transitional object and transitional phenomena. In: Collected Papers. New York Basic Books, 1958.
    885. Winnicott, D. W. (1956) Primary maternal preoccupation. In: Winnicott (1958).
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    888. Winnicott, D. W. (1960) The theory of the parent-infant relationship. In: Winnicott (1965).
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    891. Winnicott, D. W. (1971) Therapeutic Consultations in Child Psychiatry. New York: Basic Books.
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    896. Wolf, E. S. (1983) Empathy and countertransference. In: The Future of Psychoanalysis, ed. A. Coldberg. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
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    898. Wolf, E. S. (1984) Selfobject relations disorders. In: Character Pathology, ed. M. Zales. New York: Bruner/Mazel.
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    Словарь психоаналитических терминов и понятий > БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

  • 14 conjoncturel

    conjoncturel, -elle [kɔ̃ʒɔ̃ktyʀεl]
    adjective
    [chômage] cyclical ; [difficulté, raisons, situation] economic
    * * *
    - elle kɔ̃ʒɔ̃ktyʀɛl adjectif [déficit, politique] short-term; [situation, fluctuations] economic; [crise] temporary, cyclical; [prélèvement] temporary
    * * *
    kɔ̃ʒɔ̃ktyʀɛl adj conjoncturel, -le
    * * *
    conjoncturel, - elle adj [déficit, politique] short-term; [situation, fluctuations] economic; [crise] temporary, cyclical; [prélèvement] temporary; évolution conjoncturelle current trends (pl); politique conjoncturelle adaptée à la situation economic policy in line with the situation.
    ( féminin conjoncturelle) [kɔ̃ʒɔ̃ktyrɛl] adjectif
    [chômage] cyclical

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > conjoncturel

  • 15 auxiliar2

    2 = auxiliary, clerical, supporting, ancillary.
    Ex. This hierarchy shows a general subject area, buildings, and its subordinate subject areas: building materials, auxiliary construction practices, construction in specific materials, wood construction, roofing and soon.
    Ex. Prior to computerisation of the production of catalogues and indexes considerable clerical effort was expended in filing index and catalogue cards.
    Ex. However, it doesn't take very long before the supporting machine file attains greater importance than the manual catalog.
    Ex. A number of ancillary factors about the development of knowledge can be examined such as the extent of self-citation and the evolution of concepts.
    ----
    * mesa auxiliar = side table.
    * mesita auxiliar = side table.
    * servicio auxiliar de apoyo familiar = respite care.
    * tablas auxiliares = auxiliary tables.

    Spanish-English dictionary > auxiliar2

  • 16 auxiliar

    adj.
    auxiliary (gen) & (grammar).
    f. & m.
    1 assistant.
    auxiliar administrativo administrative assistant
    auxiliar de vuelo flight attendant
    2 auxiliary, helper, aide, assistant.
    3 attendant.
    m.
    auxiliary (grammar).
    v.
    to assist, to help.
    María socorre a los heridos Mary helps the wounded.
    * * *
    (i can be stressed or unstressed)
    Present Indicative
    auxilío, auxilías, auxilía, auxiliamos, auxiliáis, auxilían.
    auxilio, auxilias, auxilia, auxiliamos, auxiliáis, auxilian.
    Present Subjunctive
    auxilíe, auxilíes, auxilíe, auxiliemos, auxiliéis, auxilíen.
    auxilie, auxilies, auxilie, auxiliemos, auxiliéis, auxilien.
    Imperative
    auxilía (tú), auxilíe (él/Vd.), auxiliemos (nos.), auxiliad, (vos.), auxilíen (ellos/Vds.)
    auxilia (tú), auxilie (él/Vd.), auxiliemos (nos.), auxiliad (vos.), auxilien (ellos/Vds.).
    * * *
    1. noun mf.
    assistant, helper
    2. adj.
    assistant, auxiliary
    3. verb
    to aid, help, assist
    * * *
    I
    1. ADJ
    1) (Univ) assistant antes de s
    2) (Ling) auxiliary
    3) [plantilla] ancillary
    2. SMF
    1) (=subordinado) assistant

    auxiliar de cabina — steward/stewardess

    auxiliar de clínica, auxiliar de enfermería — auxiliary nurse, nursing auxiliary, nurse's aide (EEUU)

    auxiliar de laboratorio — lab assistant, laboratory assistant

    auxiliar de vuelo — steward/stewardess

    auxiliar domiciliario — domestic, home help, home helper (EEUU)

    2) (Univ)
    3) (Dep) linesman, assistant referee

    auxiliar técnico — LAm (Dep) coach, trainer

    II
    VT
    1) (=ayudar) to help, assist; [+ agonizante] to attend
    2) (Pol etc) to aid, give aid to
    * * *
    I
    a) < profesor> assistant (before n); <personal/elementos> auxiliary (before n)
    b) < servicios> auxiliary
    c) (Tec) auxiliary
    d) (Inf) peripheral
    II
    masculino y femenino
    1) ( persona) assistant
    2) auxiliar masculino (RPl) (Auto) spare tire
    III
    verbo transitivo
    a) ( socorrer) to help
    b) <moribundo/herido> to attend
    * * *
    I
    a) < profesor> assistant (before n); <personal/elementos> auxiliary (before n)
    b) < servicios> auxiliary
    c) (Tec) auxiliary
    d) (Inf) peripheral
    II
    masculino y femenino
    1) ( persona) assistant
    2) auxiliar masculino (RPl) (Auto) spare tire
    III
    verbo transitivo
    a) ( socorrer) to help
    b) <moribundo/herido> to attend
    * * *
    auxiliar1
    1 = aide, assistant, clerk, auxiliary.
    Nota: Nombre.

    Ex: They admitted that they did not evaluate their technicians and aides, and confirmed that increases were automatic and the same 'across-the-board'; superior performance was not rewarded, nor inferior performance punished.

    Ex: His first library position was as an assistant in rare books at the University of Chicago.
    Ex: The cataloguer is expected to find to correct form and write it on a worksheet, so that it can be entered by the clerk doing the keypunching.
    Ex: Some I & R centres use auxiliaries to carry out escort work.
    * auxiliar administrativo = clerk-typist, clerical assistant, administrative assistant.
    * auxiliar común = common auxiliary.
    * auxiliar de biblioteca = library assistant, library technician, page, library aide, library orderly.
    * auxiliar dedicado a la ordenación de fichas = filing clerk.
    * auxiliar de préstamo = circulation clerk.
    * auxiliar de vuelo = flight attendant.
    * auxiliares de lugar = area table.
    * estudiante que trabaja como auxiliar = student assistant, student aid.
    * estudios de auxiliar administrativo = information administration.

    auxiliar2
    2 = auxiliary, clerical, supporting, ancillary.

    Ex: This hierarchy shows a general subject area, buildings, and its subordinate subject areas: building materials, auxiliary construction practices, construction in specific materials, wood construction, roofing and soon.

    Ex: Prior to computerisation of the production of catalogues and indexes considerable clerical effort was expended in filing index and catalogue cards.
    Ex: However, it doesn't take very long before the supporting machine file attains greater importance than the manual catalog.
    Ex: A number of ancillary factors about the development of knowledge can be examined such as the extent of self-citation and the evolution of concepts.
    * mesa auxiliar = side table.
    * mesita auxiliar = side table.
    * servicio auxiliar de apoyo familiar = respite care.
    * tablas auxiliares = auxiliary tables.

    auxiliar3
    3 = succour [succor, -USA], aid, help.

    Ex: There are tens of thousands of hungry children in the world today and well-meant efforts are being made to succour them
    .

    Ex: Although others aided in the compilation of the schedules they were essentially the work of one man.
    Ex: How can we help library users to gain confidence?.

    * * *
    1 ‹profesor/magistrado› assistant ( before n); ‹personal/elementos› auxiliary ( before n)
    2 ‹servicios› auxiliary
    la tripulación auxiliar del avión the cabin crew on the aircraft
    3 ( Tec) auxiliary
    4 ( Inf) peripheral
    A
    1 (ayudante) assistant
    auxiliar de laboratorio laboratory assistant
    2 (funcionario) assistant
    Compuestos:
    administrative assistant
    flight attendant
    nurse
    B
    auxiliar feminine ( RPI); spare tire*
    auxiliar3 [A1 ]
    vt
    1 (socorrer) to help
    2 ‹moribundo› to attend
    * * *

     

    auxiliar 1 adjetivo

    ‹personal/elementos› auxiliary ( before n)

    c) (Tec) auxiliary

    d) (Inf) peripheral

    ■ sustantivo masculino y femenino


    b)

    ◊ auxiliar sustantivo femenino (RPl) (Auto) spare tire

    auxiliar 2 ( conjugate auxiliar) verbo transitivo
    to help
    auxiliar
    1 adjetivo & mf auxiliary, assistant
    II verbo transitivo to help, assist
    ' auxiliar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ser
    - ir
    - haber
    - no
    - sobrecargo
    English:
    already
    - also
    - always
    - ancillary
    - auxiliary
    - be
    - can't
    - cannot
    - could
    - dare
    - do
    - have
    - let
    - might
    - must
    - need
    - never
    - often
    - ought
    - practicing
    - practising
    - propose
    - shall
    - should
    - so
    - soon
    - spotlight
    - steward
    - still
    - will
    - would
    - assistant
    - flight
    - home
    - instructor
    - stewardess
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    1. [material] auxiliary;
    [mesa] occasional
    2. [personal] ancillary, auxiliary
    3. Gram auxiliary
    ♦ nmf
    assistant
    auxiliar administrativo administrative assistant;
    auxiliar domiciliario, auxiliar de ayuda a domicilio, auxiliar de ayuda en el hogar [para cuidados personales] personal carer;
    [para tareas domésticas] home help;
    auxiliar de laboratorio lab assistant;
    auxiliar de vuelo flight attendant
    ♦ nm
    Gram auxiliary
    ♦ nf
    RP [rueda de recambio] spare wheel
    1. [socorrer] to assist, to help
    2. [moribundo] to attend
    * * *
    I adj
    1 auxiliary;
    verbo auxiliar auxiliary verb
    2 profesor assistant atr
    II m/f assistant
    III f Rpl
    AUTO spare wheel
    IV v/t help
    * * *
    : to aid, to assist
    : assistant, auxiliary
    1) : assistant, helper
    2)
    auxiliar de vuelo : flight attendant
    * * *
    auxiliar n (persona) assistant

    Spanish-English dictionary > auxiliar

  • 17 Unconscious

       Prior to Descartes and his sharp definition of the dualism there was no cause to contemplate the possible existence of unconscious mentality as part of a separate realm of mind. Many religious and speculative thinkers had taken for granted factors lying outside but influencing immediate awareness.... Until an attempt had been made (with apparent success) to choose awareness as the defining characteristic of mind, there was no occasion to invent the idea of unconscious mind.... It is only after Descartes that we find, first the idea and then the term "unconscious mind" entering European thought. (Whyte, 1962, p. 25)
       If there are two realms, physical and mental, awareness cannot be taken as the criterion of mentality [because] the springs of human nature lie in the unconscious... as the realm which links the moments of human awareness with the background of organic processes within which they emerge. (Whyte, 1962, p. 63)
       he unconscious was no more invented by Freud than evolution was invented by Darwin, and has an equally impressive pedigree, reaching back to antiquity.... At the dawn of Christian Europe the dominant influence were the Neoplatonists; foremost among them Plotinus, who took it for granted that "feelings can be present without awareness of them," that "the absence of a conscious perception is no proof of the absence of mental activity," and who talked confidently of a "mirror" in the mind which, when correctly aimed, reflects the processes going on inside it, when aimed in another direction, fails to do so-but the process goes on all the same. Augustine marvelled at man's immense store of unconscious memories-"a spreading, limitless room within me-who can reach its limitless depth?"
       The knowledge of unconscious mentation had always been there, as can be shown by quotations from theologians like St. Thomas Aquinas, mystics like Jacob Boehme, physicians like Paracelsus, astronomers like Kepler, writers and poets as far apart as Dante, Cervantes, Shakespeare, and Montaigne. This in itself is in no way remarkable; what is remarkable is that this knowledge was lost during the scientific revolution, more particularly under the impact of its most influential philosopher, Rene Descartes. (Koestler, 1964, p. 148)
       4) The Constructive Nature of Automatic Cognitive Functioning Argues for the Existence of Unconscious Activity
       The constructive nature of the automatic functioning argues the existence of an activity analogous to consciousness though hidden from observation, and we have therefore termed it unconscious. The negative prefix suggests an opposition, but it is no more than verbal, not any sort of hostility or incompatibility being implied by it, but simply the absence of consciousness. Yet a real opposition between the conscious and the unconscious activity does subsist in the limitations which the former tends to impose on the latter. (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 7)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Unconscious

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